Climate change is reshaping many aspects of life on Earth, and air travel is no exception. While aviation contributes approximately 3.5% of human-caused climate change, the skies are turning increasingly hazardous for travelers. Here are five reasons flying is becoming more dangerous in the face of climate change and what can be done about it.
Rising Turbulence
One of the most noticeable impacts of climate change on air travel is the rise in turbulence, particularly clear-air turbulence. Unlike turbulence caused by storms, clear-air turbulence occurs in cloudless skies and can strike without warning, making it especially perilous. Studies reveal a 55% increase in severe turbulence over the North Atlantic since 1979, with projections suggesting a 180% increase by the 2060s. This uptick is tied to stronger jet streams fueled by global warming. As jet streams accelerate with rising temperatures, pilots encounter more disruptive wind patterns, causing bumpier and riskier flights.
Increased Storm Intensity
Storms are becoming more intense due to rising global temperatures, leading to heavier precipitation, stronger winds, and larger hailstones. These factors increase the risk of severe aircraft damage, as evidenced by incidents like the hailstorm that severely damaged an Austrian Airlines plane in mid-flight. Heavier downpours also reduce visibility for pilots, complicating safe navigation. While planes are designed to handle adverse weather, the frequency of extreme storms raises concerns about future operational challenges and safety.
Flooded Runways
Airports, typically situated on flat terrain or near waterways, face a growing threat from rising sea levels and more frequent floods. For instance, record rainfall recently inundated Brazil’s Salgado Filho International Airport, disrupting operations. A study estimates that 100 airports worldwide are at or below sea level, with flood risks multiplying as sea levels rise and precipitation patterns intensify. Flooded runways not only disrupt flights but also pose a direct risk to aircraft safety during takeoff and landing.
Heat Impacts on Aircraft Performance
Rising surface temperatures are making it harder for planes to achieve lift, the aerodynamic force that enables flight. As air becomes less dense in hotter conditions, planes require longer runways to take off, often necessitating lighter loads and reduced cargo capacity. Research shows that the required takeoff distance at Greek airports has increased annually due to warming. Heat waves also impose additional challenges, such as creating unbearable working conditions for ground crews and accelerating wear and tear on aircraft systems.
Longer Flights
Climate change is also extending flight durations, particularly westbound journeys. Strengthened jet streams create more formidable headwinds, slowing aircraft and increasing fuel consumption. Research suggests that global warming could result in an additional 2,000 flight hours annually, even without industry growth. Longer flights mean higher emissions, greater costs, and more inconvenience for passengers.
The Way Forward
While these trends are concerning, there is hope. Reducing reliance on air travel can significantly cut emissions, mitigating some of the damage to our planet. Additionally, the aviation industry is working toward ambitious goals, including achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Innovations like sustainable aviation fuels, electric planes, and better weather forecasting technology may help address some of these challenges.
Ultimately, tackling climate change requires global cooperation. As we work to reduce our environmental impact, we can also make air travel safer and more sustainable for future generations.
