Hearing loss is one of the most common chronic conditions globally, affecting people across all age groups. It can significantly disrupt communication, relationships, and quality of life. Despite many cases being preventable or treatable, limited awareness and access to care often result in delayed diagnosis and intervention.
Hearing loss arises when any part of the auditory system malfunctions. Common causes include prolonged exposure to loud noise, head or ear trauma, infections, fluid accumulation in the middle ear, birth defects, genetic conditions, and use of certain medications. It is typically classified into three categories: conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. Conductive hearing loss occurs when something obstructs sound from reaching the inner ear causes include wax build-up, eardrum damage, or middle ear infections. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve and is often irreversible. Mixed hearing loss combines both types.
Globally, over 430 million people live with disabling hearing loss, with projections rising to 700 million by 2050. In Kenya, approximately 14 in every 1,000 people experience moderate to severe hearing loss, accounting for nearly 12 percent of all persons with disabilities. Younger populations are increasingly affected due to lifestyle factors, especially excessive exposure to loud sounds.
Infants are also vulnerable. Some are born deaf or develop hearing problems due to complications during or after birth. Risk factors include low birth weight, birth asphyxia, severe jaundice, craniofacial abnormalities, infections, and exposure to ototoxic drugs. About half of these cases stem from non-hereditary causes such as infections or birth trauma, while the rest are genetic.
Early signs of hearing loss vary. In children, red flags include speech delays, difficulty following instructions, or frequent need for high volume. Adults may experience social withdrawal, ringing in the ears, and difficulty understanding speech, especially in noisy environments.
Detection ranges from basic clinical tests like tuning forks to advanced methods such as tympanometry and pure tone audiometry. Newborns can be screened using specialised tests that assess their brain and ear responses to sound.
Prevention is crucial. Limiting noise exposure, observing safe listening practices, avoiding harmful medications, and maintaining ear hygiene are key strategies. In children, exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months and prompt treatment of infections help prevent complications. Vaccinations against diseases such as measles and meningitis are also protective.
Although some hearing loss is irreversible, many forms, especially conductive types, can be managed or cured through medication, surgery, or hearing devices. However, accessibility remains a challenge, especially in rural areas. Early detection and intervention are critical to prevent lasting developmental, educational, and social impacts.
Public education, regular screening, and equitable access to hearing care services are essential to tackle this growing health issue.
